To cut back on my kid's biting, clawing and hitting we started using a yelp of pain (like a dog yip) to mark the unacceptable moment followed by setting him on the ground. If he followed up with another chomp or a hit, then I would pick him back up and hold him in my lap, rocking, facing out for a count of 25. It would sometimes take a while before the counting was completed, but it helped. It did take a lot of work. At that age they just can't express what they want or what's bothering them. He did start to catch on eventually.
The new thing we are working on is "law". Certain things are against the law and therefore forbidden. (Riding without a seat belt, out of his car seat, hitting, biting.)
Recently, we were able to get him to catch on that he can ask for a time out if he wants one. (He's highly verbal.) For us a time out isn't punishment, it just means that you need space.
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Apologies if I sound judgmental, preachy, dictatorial, offensive or overly rigid. Constructive criticism via PM is welcome.