Beyond seeing patterns with numbers when performing arithmetic, I also need a calculator. I would have to "know" the answer or how to get there (like a trick to take away 2 or 3 from 10, add by tens then add back in what was taken out, can be used to multiply too).
As to the cashier part, I'm a cashier, have been one too many times to count as it is a readily available job to me-- I would grab a calculator anyway, right in front of the customer and this situation has happened:
Customer: You need a calculator to do basic math!? (WTF)
Me: I want to make sure I don't accidentally give you back the wrong change.
Customer: (silence)
Me: That change is .... here you go! Have a great day! (smiles)
I think they would be happy I wanted to be correct, and they probably still thought I was a moron, but hey, for minimum wage, whaddya expect!? haha

Oddly enough, advanced maths and theory was easy for me to pick up, I knew WHY counting worked before I knew HOW to count, if that makes any sense. Also aced Calculus while struggling with very basic algebra at the end of solutions.
Hmmm... interesting topic.

I bet they wanted the wrong change so they have more money in their pocket.